Монголы и мусульмане в Дали (Наньчжао, Юньнани)

[Alexy]

Поход на Дали

Монгольское наступление с трёх сторон началось в конце октября 1253 года. Гао Тайсян, отказавшийся сдаться монголам, собрал свои войска в единый кулак на берегу реки Цзиньшацзян и ожидал приближения врага. Войска Хубилая вышли на противоположный берег реки в ноябре. Хубилай поручил Баяну соорудить наплавной мост из мешков, чтобы переправиться через реку. Баян, совершив ночной бросок через реку, застал противника врасплох и быстро нанёс ему полное поражение, перебив значительную часть вражеской армии и вынудив Гао Тайсяна бежать в столицу.

История взятия монголами столицы государства — города Дали — описана в источниках туманно. Достоверно лишь то, что войска Хубилая вошли в город без особого сопротивления. Гао Тайсян ночью попытался бежать, но был схвачен и казнён, затем были казнены те, кто участвовал в убийстве монгольских послов. Хубилай не стал свергать правящую династию, а приставил к правителю Дали своего сюаньфу ши («уполномоченного по умиротворению») Лю Шичжуна. На завоёванных землях остался с войсками Урянхадай, который покорил ряд юго-западных областей, проникал в Тибет, а в 1257 году вторгся в Дайвьет

в 902 году Наньчжао уходит с исторической арены и в 937 году большую часть Юньнани занимает её преемник царство Дали, стабильно управляющее регионом до тех пор, пока в 1254 г. его не захватывают монголы во главе с ханом Кублаем. Первым наместником императора в Юньнани стал выходец из Бухары Сеид Аджаль Шамсуддин. Тайские племена эмигрируют на территорию современного Таиланда и Индии

Сеид Аджаль Шамсуддин Омар (1211–1279) — первый наместник императоров монгольской династии Юань в провинции Юньнань и основатель династии мусульманских наместников в Юньнани, один из участников монгольского завоевания Бирмы. Основатель системы вакуфных земель для содержания учебных учреждений на Юго-Западе Китая.

Сеид Аджаль выходец из Бухары. Высокий социальный статус потомков Сеида Аджаля способствовал утверждению ислама на юге Китая, его внук в 1365 году обратился с прошением на имя императора, чтобы ислам официально именовался по китайски «чистая истинная вера», прошение было удовлетворено. К роду Сеида Аджаля возводят свое происхождение многие китайские мусульмане, среди которых мореплаватель Чжэн Хэ и мулла Ма Чжу, который представил императору Канси (1654-1723) доклад, испрашивая для родичей Аджаля как потомков пророка Мухаммеда тот же статус, который имели и потомки Конфуция

Так куда и когда делась династия Дали? (На вики про Дали нету списка правителей этой династии)

Когда встцупил в должность наместника Юньнани Сеид Аджаль Шамсуддин?

После падения династии Юань монгольская васть в Юньнани продержалась ещё то ли 15 то ли 20 лет
А куда эмигрировали монголы, мусульмане и другие антиминские элементы из Юньнани, когда она была таки захвачена Минами?
Понятно, что и монголы и мусульмане там до сих пор живут, но ведь и огромное коичество тогда было уничтожено - значит очевидно из боязни этого были и попытки эмигрировать? Возможно в Бирму, Ланну (Чиангмай), Лансанг, Сукхотай, Шанские княжества или даже в ДайВьет или Ассам? Или может в Тибет?

Вот карта Юго-Восточная Азия в 1400 году

Темно-зелёный: Лансанг
Пурпурный: Ланна
Оранжевый: Сукхотаи
Фиолетовый: Аютия
Красный: Кхмерская империя
Жёлтый: Чампа
Голубой: Дай-Вьет

 

[Kryvonis]

Мусульмане проникли в Юньнани вместе с монголами. Сэмужэнь сражались в монгольской армии, а один из сэму командовал войском. Об этом у Марко Поло при описании вторжения в Бирму.
http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus3/Polo/frametext7.htm
ГЛАВА CXXI

Как великий хан покорил царства Минин и Бангала

Забыл я упомянуть о большой битве в царстве Вочиан, а рассказать о ней в этой книге следует, потому и опишем ее ясно, как она произошла.

В 1272 г. по Р. X. 253 послал великий хан большое войско в Вочиан и Караиан сторожить и охранять их, чтобы никто им зла не делал. Сынов своих великий хан туда еще не посылал; сделал он это потом: назначил туда царем Сентемура, сына одного из своих померших сынов.

Царь Мяна и Бангалы 254 был сильный: много у него было и земель, и богатства, и народа; великому хану он не подчинился, а великий хан его покорил потом и отнял у него оба царства. Узнал царь Мяна и Бангалы, что войско великого хана в Вочиане, и решил, что сможет идти на это множество людей, побьет их всех и великий хан вперед не захочет посылать сюда войска.

Стал этот царь делать вот какие великие приготовления: было у него, скажу вам по правде, две тысячи больших слонов; и на каждого слона приказал он приладить деревянный теремец, крепкий, красивый и приспособленный к бою; в каждом теремце было по двенадцати воинов, в ином шестнадцать, а в ином и побольше, было у него шестьдесят тысяч конных, были и пешие воины. Изготовился, как следует такому сильному и могущественному царю; для великих дел было то войско.

Ну что же вам сказать? Кончил эти приготовления царь и немедля, тотчас же, пошел на войско великого хана в Вочиане. Как он шел, об этом нечего рассказывать. Подошел к татарскому войску и за три дня пути стал станом, чтобы люди отдохнули. [287]

ГЛАВА CXXII

Здесь описывается битва между войском великого хана и царем Мяна

Когда военачальник татар узнал наверное, что царь Мяна идет на него с великою силою, стал он побаиваться; было у него всего двенадцать тысяч конных, но сам-то он был храбр и хороший полководец. Звали его Несрадином 255. Собрал он свои войска в порядке, прибодрил их, позаботился сколько мог об охране страны и своих людей. Словом, все татары, двенадцать тысяч всадников, собрались на равнину Вочиан, тут они ждали врага сразиться с ним; и было то ловким делом умного военачальника. У той равнины, знайте, был густой лес. И вот так-то, как мы слышали, поджидали врага в равнине татары.

Оставим татар, вернемся к ним скоро, а пока поговорим о враге. Отдохнул со своим войском царь Мяна и пошел, а как пришел в равнину Вочиан, татары стояли уже там готовыми; пришел царь в ту равнину и за милю от врага приготовил своих слонов, теремцы и славно вооруженных воинов. Конных и пеших расставил он хорошо и умно, как и следовало умному царю. Устроил все, привел в порядок, да и пошел с войском на врага: увидели татары, что он идет на них, и виду не дают, что испугались, стоят себе смело и храбро. Выступили они против врага стройно, в порядке. Сошлись, и, как нужно уже было начинать схватку, увидели кони татар слонов, да испугались до того, что не смогли татары вести их на врага и повернули назад. А царь со своими воинами да слонами идет себе вперед.

ГЛАВА CXXIII

Здесь говорится о той же битве

Увидели это татары, взбесились и не знают, что им делать; было им ясно, что коли не смогут повести своих коней вперед, так все погибнут. Умно, однако же, распорядились, сделали вот что: видят они, что лошади испугались, спешились, попрятали коней в лесу, привязали их к деревьям, потом взялись за луки, насадили стрелы, да и стали стрелять в слонов. Стрелять они умеют ловко и слонов изранили жестоко. Царские ратники не переставали также стрелять и сильно на них нападали, да татары лучше врага умели биться и храбро защищались.

Что же вам сказать? Израненные слоны повернули назад, да и побежали на своих; бегут грузно, словно свет разваливается; и перед лесом не остановились, ворвались туда, теремцы разваливаются, ломают и разрушают все. Со страху бегут по лесу в разные стороны. [288]

А татары увидели, что слоны бегут, тотчас на коней, да и помчались на царскую рать; началась тут жестокая перестрелка; царская рать защищалась храбро; вышли все стрелы, схватились за мечи и копья и побежали друг на друга с остервенением, крепко бились и мечами, и копьями, убивали и коней, и всадников, отсекали руки и головы, резали тела, валялись на земле и мертвые, и раненые. Поднялся такой шум и крик, грома Божьего не расслышать. Злая была драка; татары, по правде сказать, победили; не посчастливилось царю и его ратникам; много их было побито в тот день. После полудня пришлось царю и его ратникам плохо; побито их было много, и стало им невтерпеж; видят, что все погибнут, коль останутся здесь, не могли они тут оставаться и побежали что есть мочи; а татары за ними следом, гонят, бьют, убивают без пощады; жалость была смотреть. Прогнали их татары и вернулись назад в лес, за слонами; навалили больших дерев, чтобы слоны не ушли; не переловить бы им слонов, если бы пленные ратники не перехватили их. Слон умнее всякого животного.

Более двухсот слонов они переловили; начиная с тех пор завелось у великого хана много слонов.

Вот так-то, как вы слышали, произошла та битва.

 

[Kryvonis]

http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps10_148.pdf

 

[Kryvonis]

Yunnan under the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty
The Mongols established regular and tight administrative control over Yunnan. In 1253 Mongke Khan of the Mongol Empire dispatched the prince Kublai to take Yunnan. The Mongols swept away numerous native regimes, including the leading Dali kingdom. Later Yunnan became one of the ten provinces set up by Kubilai Khan. Kublai Khan appointed Turkmen Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar governor in Yunnan in 1273.[2] Before that, the area had been ruled by a local king and a Mongol prince under the Great Khan. The Yuan provincial authorities conferred various titles on many native chieftains, who were obliged to pay taxes. When the Mongols were expulsed from China in 1368, Yunnan was thrown into chaos and anarchy for a number of years. The Ming Dynasty defeated the last of the Yuan loyalists in 1381.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yunnan

 

[Kryvonis]

Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar al-Bukhari
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Ajjal_Shams_al-Din_Omar
Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar al-Bukhari (Persian: سید اجل شمس‌الدین عمر‎; Chinese: 赛典赤·赡思丁, pinyin: Sàidiǎnchì Zhānsīdīng) (1211–1279) was Yunnan's first provincial governor in history, appointed by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
Shams al-Din was of Persian origin, being a Muslim Khwarezmian from Bukhara. When Genghis Khan attacked the city during the war between the Khwarizmi shah and the Mongols, Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar's family surrendered to him. He served the court of the Mongol Empire. Later, he was in charge of Imperial finances in 1259,[2] sent to Yunnan by Kublai Khan after conquering the Kingdom of Dali in 1274.

The Yüan-shi gives many biographies of distinguished Muslims in the service of the Mongols. A number of them occupied high offices. In chap, cxxv, we find the biography of 赛典赤·赡思丁 Sai-dien-ch'i shan-sse-ding, called also 烏馬兒 Wu-ma-r. He was a Hui-hui and a descendant of the 别菴伯爾 Bie-an-bo-r. In his country Sai-dien-ch'i has the same meaning as 貴族 (noble family) in Chinese. There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i.[3][4][5]

In the thirteenth century the influence of individual Muslems was immense, especially that of the Seyyid Edjell Shams ed-Din Omar, who served the Mongol Khans till his death in Yunnan AD 1279. His family still exists in Yunnan, and has taken a prominent part in Muslem affairs in China.[6]

He is identified as the ancestor of many Chinese Hui lineages in Yunnan's Panthay Hui population as well as in Ningxia and Fujian provinces.

A Hui legend in Ningxia links four surnames common in the region - Na, Su, La, and Ding - with the descendants of Shams al-Din's son named Nasruddin, who "divided" their ancestor's name (Nasulading, in Chinese) among themselves.[7] The Ding family of Chendai, Fujian claims descent from him.[8] The Ding family has branches in Taiwan, the Philippines, and Malaysia among the diaspora Chinese communities there, no longer practicing Islam but still maintaining a Hui identity.

The deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Muslim Association on Taiwan, Ishag Ma (馬孝棋), has claimed "Sayyid is an honorable title given to descendants of the Prophet Mohammed, hence Sayyid Shamsuddin must be connected to Mohammed". The Ding (Ting) family in Taisi Township in Yunlin County of Taiwan, traces descent from him through the Ding of Quanzhou in Fujian.[9]
Policy during Governorship.

The widespread presence of Islam is credited to Sayyid Ajjal's work.[10]

Sayyid Ajjal was first to bring Islam to Yunnan. He promoted Confucianism and Islam by ordering construction of mosques and temples of Confucianism.[11] Sayyid Ajjal also introduced Confucian education into Yunnan. He was described as making 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps', and praised by the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, He Hongzuo.[12]

Shams al-Din constructed numerous Confucian temples in Yunnan, and promoted Confucian education. He is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize Yunnan province.[13] He also built multiple mosques in Yunnan as well.

Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan Dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the 'great city of Yachi'.[14] It has been suggested that Yachi was Dali City (Ta-li). Dali had many Hui people.[15]

His son Nasir al-Din became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after sayyid Ajjal died.[16][17]
Family

He submitted to Chinghiz (Genghis Khan) when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. 納速剌丁 Na-su-la-ding (Nasr-uddin), 哈散 Hasan (Hassan), 忽辛 Hu-sin (Hussein), 剌丁 兀默里 Shan-su-ding wu-mo-li and 馬速忽 Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices.

Na-su-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of 交趾 Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and 緬 Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons^ the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. 伯顏察兒 Bo-yen ch'a-r, who had a high office, 烏馬兒 Wu-ma-r, 答法兒 Dje-fa-r (Djafar), 忽先 Hu-sien (Hussein) and 沙的 Sha-di (Saadi).

The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Rashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yüan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yüan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Rashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).[18][19][20]

Sayyid Ajall's oldest son was Nasir al-Din.[21]

Sayyid Ajall was a 26th generation descedant of the Prophet Muhammad and fifth generation descendant of Su fei-erh. In total, had had five sons. He had two tombs, one in Wo-erh-to in Yunnan and another memorial which contained his clothes in Xi'an in Shaanxi province. The author of "The Magnetic Needle of Islam", Ma Chu (1630-1710), was a descendant of Sayyid Ajjal. The d'Ollone expedition during the Qing dynasty recorded that Imam Na Wa-Ch'ing was the leader of the family of descendants of Sayyid Ajall.[22][23][24] Ma repaired Sayyid Ajjal's tomb. Another romanization of Ma Chu is "Ma Zhu".[25]

Sayyid Ajjall is the ancestor of many Muslims in areas all across China. Yunnan contained the greatest number of his descendants.[26]

One of his most prominent descendants was Zheng He.

 

[Kryvonis]

Nasr al-Din
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_%28Yunnan%29
Nasr al-Din (Persian: نصرالدین‎; Chinese: 納速剌丁, pinyin: Na-su-la-Ding) (?–1292) was a provincial governor of Yunnan during the Yuan dynasty, and was the son of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar.
Nasr al-Din was of Central Asian origin, being a Muslim Khwarezmian from Bukhara. His father was the prominent leader Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar. When Genghis Khan attacked the city during the war between the Khwarizmi shah and the Mongols, Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar's family surrendered to him. Sayyid Ajjal served the court of the Mongol Empire. Later, Sayyid Ajjal was in charge of Imperial finances in 1259,[2] sent to Yunnan by Kublai Khan after conquering the Kingdom of Dali in 1274.

In the thirteenth century the influence of individual Muslems was immense, especially that of the Seyyid Edjell Shams ed-Din Omar, who served the Mongol Khans till his death in Yunnan AD 1279. His family still exists in Yunnan, and has taken a prominent part in Muslem affairs in China.[3]

Nasr al-Din is identified as the ancestor of many Chinese Hui lineages in Yunnan's Panthay Hui population as well as in Ningxia and Fujian provinces.

A Hui legend in Ningxia links four surnames common in the region - Na, Su, La, and Ding - with Nasr al-Din (Nasruddin), who "divided" their ancestor's name (Nasulading, in Chinese) among themselves.[4][5] The Ding family of Chendai, Fujian claims descent from him.[6] The Ding family has branches in Taiwan, the Philippines, and Malaysia among the diaspora Chinese communities there, no longer practicing Islam but still maintaining a Hui identity.

Marco Polo claimed that Nasr al-Din was a commander in the 1277 Mongol invasion of Burma and defeated the Burmese in the war.[7] Marco Polo recorded his name as "Nescradin".[8][9] This claim by Marco Polo was false.

The widspread precense of Islam in Yunnan is due to Nasir Al-Din and his father Sayyid Ajall.[1]

Nasr became Yunnan's governor after his father, the first governor of Yunnan, died.[10] served in his office from 1279-1284.[11] He was sent to participate in the 1284 Mongol invasion of Burma, which caused his term as governor to end.[12]

Nasr also battled the native "Gold Teeth" people in Yunnan, and the Vietnamese during the Mongol invasion of annam. Marco Polo had been wrong in claiming that Nasr had partiipated in the 1277 attack on Burma, Nasr fought in the 1284 invasion in reality. He was transferred to Shaanxi and appointed as its governor.[13]

His service as Governor there ended in his death in 1292. Husayn, a brother of his, then became the next governor.(In Yunnan)[14]

 

[Kryvonis]

Ming conquest of Yunnan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan
The Ming conquest of Yunnan was the final phase in the Chinese Ming dynasty expulsion of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule from China in the 1380s
Muslim troops fought in both the Chinese Ming army and the Yuan Mongol army.

300,000 Han Chinese and Hui Muslim troops were dispatched to crush the Yuan remnants in Yunnan in 1381.

The Ming Chinese Muslim General Fu Youde led the attack on the Mongol and Yuan Muslim forces. Also fighting on the Ming side were Muslim Generals Mu Ying and Lan Yu, who led Ming loyalist Muslim troops against Yuan loyalist Muslims.[1]

The Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi committed suicide on January 6, 1382, as the Ming Dynasty Muslim troops overwhelmed the Yuan Mongol and Muslim forces. The Chinese Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty then flooded Yunnan and colonized it. Mu Ying and his Muslim troops were given hereditary status as military garrisons of the Ming Dynasty, and remained in the province.[2]

The Ming Muslim Generals Lan Yu and Fu Youde castrated 380 captured Mongol and Muslim captives after the war.[3] This led to many of them becoming eunuchs and serving the Ming Emperor.[4] One of the eunuchs was Zheng He.[5]

Han Chinese soldiers also crushed the rebellion. The Han then married Han, Miao, and Yao women, their descendants are called "Tunbao", in contrast to newer Han Chinese colonists who moved to Yunnan in later centuries. The Tunbao still live in Yunnan today.[6]

 

[Kryvonis]

Basalawarmi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalawarmi
(died January 6, 1382), commonly known by his hereditary title, the Prince of Liang, was a descendant of Kublai Khan and a Yuan Dynasty loyalist who fought against the ascendant Ming Dynasty in China.
Before the Yuan Dynasty's fall in 1368, Basalawarmi had been the Yuan Viceroy of Yunnan, a province in southwestern China; his governorship also extended over some parts of modern-day Guizhou. He held the title of Prince of Liang, a hereditary title passed down from one of his forebears, a son of Kublai Khan.[1] Following the Ming Dynasty's overthrow of the Yuan, from his capital city of Kunming, Basalawarmi began leading one of the last pockets of Mongol resistance to Ming rule in China.
Defeat and death

The Hongwu Emperor initially sent a diplomat, Wang Wei, to attempt to negotiate with Basalawarmi in 1372, but Basalawarmi executed Wang Wei in 1374 after negotiations broke down. The Hongwu Emperor then dispatched the generals Fu Youde and Ma Hua to deal with Basalawarmi. In 1381, Ma Hua attacked Basalawarmi from Guiyang while Fu Youde's deputies, Mu Ying and Lan Yu, attacked from another direction. The combined Ming forces, which numbered 300,000 men, met Basalawarmi's 100,000 units. Basalawarmi's forces were decisively defeated. Following his defeat, Basalawarmi drowned his wife, ordered his ministers to commit suicide, and committed suicide himself on January 6, 1382.[

 

[Kryvonis]

Hui people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people
The word Huihui (回回), which was the usual generic term for China's Muslims during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is thought to have its origin in the earlier Huihe (回纥) or Huihu (回纥), which was the name for the Uyghur State of the 8th and 9th century.[11] Although the ancient Uyghurs were neither Muslims nor were very directly related to today's Uyghur people,[11] the name Huihui came to refer to foreigners, regardless of language or origin, by the time of the Yuan (1271–1368)[12] and Ming Dynasties (1368–1644),[11] since during the Yuan Dynasty massive amounts of Muslims came from the west, since the Uyghur land was in the west, this led the Chinese to call all foreigners of all religions, Muslims, Nestorian Christians, and Jews as "HuiHui".
Genghis Khan called both foreign Jews and Muslims in China "Hui Hui" when he forced them to stop Halal and Kosher methods of preparing food:[13]
Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.” He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.
The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called "Hwuy who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the sinews". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the thirteenth century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (Israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo née leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use.[14]
Islam was originally called Dashi Jiao during the Tang Dynasty, when Muslims first appeared in China. "Dashi Fa" literally means "Arab law", in old Chinese (modern Arabs are called alabo).[15] Since almost all Muslims in China were exclusively foreign Arabs or Persians at the time, it was barely mentioned by the Chinese, unlike other religions like Zoroastrism, Mazdaism, and Nestorian Christianity which gained followings in China.[16] As an influx of foreigners, such as Arabs, Persians, Jews, and Christians, most of them, but not all of them were Muslims who came from western regions, they were labelled as Semu people, but were also mistaken by Chinese as Uyghur, due to them coming from the west (uyghur lands).[17] so the name "Hui Hui" was applied to them, and eventually became the name to refer to Muslims.

 

[Kryvonis]

Islam during the Yuan Dynasty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China had dramatically benefited Islam in China in contrast to previous dynasties. Foreigners in China were given an elevated status in the hierarchy of the new regime. The impact on China by its Muslims at this time, including the advancement of Chinese science and the designing of Dadu is vast and largely unknown. It is estimated that in the fourteenth century, the total population of Muslims was 4,000,000.
Elevated Status

Though the Yuan Dynasty, unlike the western khanates, never converted to Islam, the Mongol rulers of the Dynasty elevated the status of foreigners of all religions from west Asia like Muslims, Jews, and Christians versus the Han Chinese, and placed many foreigners such as Muslim Persians and Arabs, Jews, Nestorian Christians, Tibetan Buddhist Lamas, and Buddhist Turpan Uyghurs from Central and West Asia in high-ranking posts instead of native Confucian scholars. The state encouraged Muslim immigration, as Arab, Persian and Turkic immigration into China accelerated during this period. The Mongol emperors brought hundreds of thousands of Muslims with them from Persia to help administer the country. Many worked in the elite circles arriving as provincial governors. They were referred to as Semu.

The territory of the Yuan was administered in 12 districts during the reign of Kublai Khan with a governor and vice-governor each. According to Iranian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, of these 12 governors, 8 were Muslims; in the remaining districts, Muslims were vice-governors.[2]

Over 10,000 Muslim names can be identified in Yuan historical records. The standard word used to denote Muslims in Chinese language documents of the late Yuan period is "Huihui". The Muslims were overseen by a Huihui named Yeheidie'erding (Amir al-Din) who designed Qionghua island which sits in the lake of Beihai Park in central Beijing.[3] In the fourteenth century, the total population of was 4,000,000.[1]
New Communities

The Yuan Dynasty saw the formation of Muslim communities in North China and Yunnan. The descendants of these communities who were to merge completely with the local Han Chinese, nevertheless sought down to our own day to preserve their own personality and were to show a marked tendency to autonomy.[4]
Yuan Mongol Oppression of Muslims

Genghis Khan, and the following Yuan Emperors forbade Islamic practicies like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret.[5] Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves", and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected, and forbidden by the Mongols to eat Kosher.[6] Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim Generals joined Han chinese in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim Generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had the name in chinese which meant "baracks" and also mean "thanks", many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han chinese for assisting them.[7]

Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.” He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

[8]

During the Ming conquest of Yunnan, Muslim Generals Mu Ying and Lan Yu, led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.[9][10]
Science

Muslim scientists were brought to work on calendar making and astronomy. Kublai Khan brought Iranians to Beijing to construct an observatory and an institution for astronomical studies.[11] Jamal ad-Din, a Persian astronomer, presented Kublai Khan with seven Persian astronomical instruments.[12] The work of Islamic geographers also reached China during the Yuan Dynasty and was later used in the Ming Dynasty to draw the Western Regions in the Da Ming Hun Yi Tu, the oldest surviving world map from East Asia.

Muslim doctors and Arabic medical texts, particularly in anatomy, pharmacology, and ophthalmology, circulated in China during this time. The Chinese emperor, Kublai Khan, who suffered from alcoholism and gout, accorded high status to doctors. New seeds and formulas from the Middle East stimulated medical practice. The traditional Chinese study of herbs, drugs, and portions came in for renewed interest and publication.[11] One of the medical texts introduced from the Islamic world included Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, much of which was translated into Chinese as the Hui Hui Yao Fang (Prescriptions of the Hui Nationality) by the Hui people in Yuan China.[13]
Economy

The Mongols used Persian, Arab and Uyghur administrators to act as officers of taxation and finance. Muslims headed most corporations in China in the early Yuan period but as the Chinese bought shares, most corporations acquired mixed membership, or even complete Chinese ownership.[11]

It was during the Yuan Dynasty that the port of Quanzhou flourished. Led by the Chinese Muslim tycoon Pu Shougeng they submitted to the Mongol advance.
his was in stark contrast to the port of Guangzhou that was sacked. Quanzhou was made famous on account of the accounts of the famous travelers Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo who visited the port. Today a large number of stone inscriptions can be seen at Quanzhou, such as 300 stone inscriptions on tombs, graves and mosques.
Designing Dadu

The Muslim architect Yeheidie'erding (Amir al-Din) learned from Han architecture and designed and led the construction of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Dadu (or known as Khanbaliq or Khanbaligh to the Turks).[14] The construction of the walls of the city began in 1264, while the imperial palace was built from 1274 onwards. The design of Dadu followed the Confucianism classic Zhouli (周禮, "rites of Zhou"), in that the rules of “9 vertical axis, 9 horizontal axis”, “palaces in the front, markets in the rear”, “left ancestral worship, right god worship” were taken into consideration. It was broad in scale, strict in planning and execution, complete in equipment.[15] Dadu officially became the capital of the newly established Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s, though some constructions in the city were not completed until 1293. It would last until 1368 when Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty and future Hongwu Emperor, made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital.[16] The last Yuan emperor fled north to Shangdu and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming Dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground,[16] and the city was renamed to Beiping by the Ming in the same year.
Other Events in this Period

Marco Polo also met Nasaruddin who was the son of the conqueror and governor of Yunnan Sayid Ajjal of Bokhara, as appointed by the Mongols.

Arabic storytellers at the time were narrating fantastical stories of China, which were incorporated into the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), the most famous being the story of Aladdin. Other Arabian Nights tales set in China include "Tale of Qamar al-Zaman and Budur", "The Story of Prince Sayf al-Muluk", and the "The Hunchback's Tale" story cycle.[17]

In the mid 14th century, Ispah Rebellion led by Chinese Persian Muslims broke out in South Fujian. After the rebellion was suppressed the local Han Chinese in Quanzhou turned against Semu people and great misery was brought upon Muslim population. Quanzhou itself ceased to be a leading international seaport.

 

[Kryvonis]

Ispah Rebellion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispah_Rebellion
The Ispah Rebellion (Chinese: 亦思巴奚兵乱; Pinyin: Yìsībāxī Bīngluàn) was a series of civil wars in Fujian, China (then the Great Yuan Empire) occurring in the middle of 14th century. The term Ispah might derive from the Persian word "سپاه" (sepâh) meaning "army" or "Sepoy". Thus, the rebellion is also known as the Persian Sepoy Rebellion (波斯戍兵之乱; Bōsī Shùbīng zhī Luàn) in Chinese documents.

Under Mongolian rule, the number of Arabic and Persian Muslims residing in the Chinese seaport city Quanzhou was greatly boosted. These Muslims were classified under the Semu caste (色目人) superior to Han Chinese, holding high positions in the society. In 1357, an army of predominantly Muslims led by two Quanzhou Persians, Saif ad-Din (赛甫丁) and Amir ad-Din (阿迷里丁), was mobilized to suppress the local insurgences. In defiance of Imperial forces, the army seized hold of Quanzhou, Xinghua (today Putian) and even overreached themselves to the provincial capital Fuzhou. In 1362, the Ispah army collapsed into internal conflict and was eventually crushed in 1366 by the Chinese commander Chen Youding (陈友定).

The Rebellion added fuel to the interracial hatred. After the Han Chinese took control of Quanzhou, they committed mass murder of Semu people, which led to an exodus of the foreign community in this city. The importance of Quanzhou as an international seaport had been declining ever since.

 

[Alexy]

The Ding family has branches in Taiwan, the Philippines, and Malaysia among the diaspora Chinese communities there, no longer practicing Islam but still maintaining a Hui identity

Ух ты! Оказыается бывают хуэй (точнее хуй), которые не исповедуют ислам, но продолжают считаться хуэями, а не китайцами (т е не просто помнят, что произошли от мусульманского предка)???

 

[Alexy]

In 1253 Mongke Khan of the Mongol Empire dispatched the prince Kublai to take Yunnan. The Mongols swept away numerous native regimes, including the leading Dali kingdom. Later Yunnan became one of the ten provinces set up by Kubilai Khan. Kublai Khan appointed Turkmen Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar governor in Yunnan in 1273.[2] Before that, the area had been ruled by a local king and a Mongol prince under the Great Khan. The Yuan provincial authorities conferred various titles on many native chieftains, who were obliged to pay taxes. When the Mongols were expulsed from China in 1368, Yunnan was thrown into chaos and anarchy for a number of years. The Ming Dynasty defeated the last of the Yuan loyalists in 1381 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yunnan

т Е цар(и) Дали правил(и) до 1273 г? А какой именно монгольский царевич с ним(и) правил вместе?

 

[Kryvonis]

Cудьба многих сэмужень была печальна. Они были в основном перебиты китайцами. Те, кто выжили, перешли на службу к китайцам, как предки Чжэн Хэ. Ну и еще не стоит исключать небольшой миграции сторонников Юань в Тибет. К мусульманам дружественные отношения тибетцев с монголами не относились, поскольку только монгольская имперская власть сдерживала мусульман и буддистов от конфронтации. В государстве Хулагуидов и Золотой Орде мусульмане отстранили от власти пробуддистские группировки знати.

 

[Snow]

Cудьба многих сэмужень была печальна. Они были в основном перебиты китайцами. Те, кто выжили, перешли на службу к китайцам, как предки Чжэн Хэ.

Читал, что Чжэн Хэ был в младенчестве подвергнут полной кастрации, а после такой операции выживал примерно один ребенок из десяти.

 

[Alamak]

Ну и еще не стоит исключать небольшой миграции сторонников Юань в Тибет

А насколько лёгким и проходимым был путь эмиграции из Юньнани в Монголию (через Тибет очевидно?)?
Правда в Монголии тогда вряд ли было что кушать из-за нахлынувших (полтора-двумя десятилетиями ранее) беглецов со всего Китая? Хотя может к тому времени излишек населения уже помер? И можно было расчитывать как-то прокормиться в Монголии?

 

[Alamak]

В государстве Хулагуидов и Золотой Орде мусульмане отстранили от власти пробуддистские группировки знати

Да и в Моголии был где-то на рубеже 14-15 вв хан Ахмут (может ошибся вкакой-то букве?), а у ойратов Махмуд (Махаму)
Т е был шанс, что ислам и там возобладает?

 

[Alamak]

Nasr al-Din http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)
Nasr became Yunnan's governor after his father, the first governor of Yunnan, died.[10] served in his office from 1279-1284.[11] He was sent to participate in the 1284 Mongol invasion of Burma, which caused his term as governor to end

Nasr also battled the native "Gold Teeth" people in Yunnan, and the Vietnamese during the Mongol invasion of annam. Marco Polo had been wrong in claiming that Nasr had partiipated in the 1277 attack on Burma, Nasr fought in the 1284 invasion in reality. He was transferred to Shaanxi and appointed as its governor.[13]
His service as Governor there ended in his death in 1292. Husayn, a brother of his, then became the next governor.(In Yunnan)

А что ещё известно о золотозубых людях Юньнани? Какой соврем народ является их потомком?

Что известно о правлении в Юньнани брата Насраддина - Хусайна?

 

[Alamak]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispah_Rebellion
The Ispah Rebellion (Chinese: 亦思巴奚兵乱; Pinyin: Yìsībāxī Bīngluàn) was a series of civil wars in Fujian, China (then the Great Yuan Empire) occurring in the middle of 14th century. The term Ispah might derive from the Persian word "سپاه" (sepâh) meaning "army" or "Sepoy". Thus, the rebellion is also known as the Persian Sepoy Rebellion (波斯戍兵之乱; Bōsī Shùbīng zhī Luàn) in Chinese documents.
Under Mongolian rule, the number of Arabic and Persian Muslims residing in the Chinese seaport city Quanzhou was greatly boosted. These Muslims were classified under the Semu caste (色目人) superior to Han Chinese, holding high positions in the society
In 1357, an army of predominantly Muslims led by two Quanzhou Persians, Saif ad-Din (赛甫丁) and Amir ad-Din (阿迷里丁), was mobilized to suppress the local insurgences. In defiance of Imperial forces, the army seized hold of Quanzhou, Xinghua (today Putian) and even overreached themselves to the provincial capital Fuzhou. In 1362, the Ispah army collapsed into internal conflict and was eventually crushed in 1366 by the Chinese commander Chen Youding (陈友定).
The Rebellion added fuel to the interracial hatred. After the Han Chinese took control of Quanzhou, they committed mass murder of Semu people, which led to an exodus of the foreign community in this city. The importance of Quanzhou as an international seaport had been declining ever since

Я не совсем понял против кого восставали эти сипаи? Против Чжу Юаньчжана (В 1356 году он "занял Нанкин и создал государственный аппарат, распространив свою власть на юге Китая и устранив конкурентов") или каких-то других вождей "Красных повязок"? Или против династии Юань?

Как понимать "In defiance of Imperial forces"? "Из-за неповиновения имперских сил"? Или "не повинуясь имперским силам"? Или "бросая вызов имперским силам"?

В общем я не совсем понял, сипаи вышли из повиновения династии Юань или может наоборот, имперские силы вышли из повиновения династии Юань?

 

[Alamak]

Sayyid Ajjal was first to bring Islam to Yunnan. He promoted Confucianism and Islam by ordering construction of mosques and temples of Confucianism.[11] Sayyid Ajjal also introduced cONFUCIAN EDUCATION into Yunnan. He was described as making 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps', and praised by the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, He Hongzuo.[12]

Shams al-Din constructed numerous cONFUCIAN TEMPLES in Yunnan, and promoted cONFUCIAN EDUCATION. He is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize Yunnan province.[13] He also built multiple mosques in Yunnan as well

Это правда, что он китаизировал и конфуцианизировал местных?