Интересно, а какие культуры были в начале и середине 3 тысячелетия в северной и северо-западной Испании - в Старой Кастилии, Наварре, на всем побережье Бискайского залива и в Галисии?
Мегалитическая культура поздней, монументальной фазы, Вершина развития которой приходится как раз на первую половину 3-го тысячелетия.
Megalithic sites, structures and enclosures in thenorthwest Iberian Peninsula
The megalithic phenomenon in Galicia covers a periodof approximately 2000 years, between 4500 cal,BC asdocumented in monuments with the oldest dates,and 3000–2500 cal.BC, coinciding with the period when the great chambers were sealed.
Between five and ten thousand burial mounds were constructedacross much of Galician territory, mostly in uplandareas. These are circular mounds between 10 and 30 min diameter and 1.5 to 3 m high.The fifth millennium BC saw the developmentof the Early Neolithic, a period that witnessed theemergence of the earliest types of agriculture, mainly based on a mixed economy, which we may actuallyassimilate within what is known as the ‘Meso-Neo-lithic’ period (Zvelebil 1986). Little evidence remains of this period in Galicia: a pair of non-monumentalsites dated to the mid-fifth millennium (Lima 2000).So far no older sites are known. Beyond Galicia, the first monumentalism of the European Atlantic areaproduced architectural forms such as standing stones,stone circles, alignments, dolmens and timber circles,extensively documented from the fifth to the third millennia BC in Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal andFrance (Bradley 1998; Bradley
et al.2002; Burl 2005;Gibson 2005; Giot et al.1996; Hartwell 2002).
In Galicia, with the exception of the funerarystructures that appeared around 4500 BC, the evi-dence for other megalithic elements (standing stones,stone circles, etc.) is currently limited and has beenlile studied (see a list of sites in Fábregas Valcarce& Vilaseco Vázquez 2003; Monteagudo García 2003;Villoch Vázquez 1998) (Fig. 1). Other recognizablesites from this period include domestic settlements,with evidence frequently found of structures madeof perishable materials (post-holes, ditches, hearths,etc.) (Bonilla Rodríguez et al.2006; Lima 2000; Mén-dez Fernández & Rey García 2005; Parcero Oubiña &Cobas Fernández 2005; Prieto-Martínez 2005; SuárezOtero 1997; Suárez Otero & Fábregas Valcarce 2000),and the material culture mainly formed by incised pottery (Prieto-Martínez 2001; Prieto-Martínez
et al.2005), and stone production based on quartz techno-logy (Tabarés & Baqueiro 2005;Baqueiro 2006).
Similar features are described for dwelling sitesdating from the Middle Neolithic. These data support a rather homogeneous model of settlement from the middle of the fifthh millennium BC until the middle of the third millennium BC, based on small settlementswith a location pattern that coincides on occasion withthe location of monuments, or close to them (Criado-Boado
et al.1986; 2000; Lima 2000).
The transition between the fourth and third millennia BC may be seen as a moment of social intensification, in which the most monumental funer-ary structures were in use. This is suggested by thedating of the different episodes of use at monumentssuch as Cotogrande 5 (Abad Gallego 2000), Dombatephase II (Alonso Matthías & Bello Diéguez 1997),Forno dos Mouros 5 (Mañana-Borrazás 2005) andA Romea (Mañana-Borrazás 2003), amongst others.In traditional terms, this period may be situatedwithin the Late Neolithic, although in Galicia otherauthors have attributed this to the Copper Age withPenha-type pottery (Bonilla Rodríguez et al.2006;Eguileta Franco 1999; Fábregas Valcarce & VilasecoVázquez 2003; Suárez Otero & Fábregas Valcarce 2000),applying a periodization more befitting central andsouthern Iberia, the defining features of which (large settlements, ‘fortifications’, systematic metalworking,social complexity) are not apparentin Galicia until some time later. Inthis case, we prefer to use an Atlanticcategorization, in which the LateNeolithic replicates the dynamicsof the southern regions, revealingan intensification of the previouslyexisting social dynamics. Followingthis high point of monumental activ-ity, critical changes in monumentalfunerary architecture seem to have begun — marked by an event thatis repeated in several mounds withcorridors — when the large chambers began to be sealed around 2800–2500BC (Dombate phase III, Os Campiños6). By this time, there is evidence ofsimilar processes in other parts of theEuropean Atlantic Façade and theIberian Peninsula; several passagegraves were sealed and new typesof architecture developed (i.e. gal-lery graves in Brittany or ‘tholoi’ insouthern Iberia). This moment marksan inflexion point in the constructiondynamics of monumental architec-ture in northwest Iberia, with bothchange and diversification.
https://www.academia.edu/1058162/Deconstruc...rthwest_Iberia_
